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References

Nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs: a review.

Summary:

The increasing use of nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) in small animals has resulted in the development of new and innovative additions to this class of drugs. Examples of NSAIDs now available for use in small animals include aspirin, etodolac, carprofen, ketoprofen, meloxicam, deracoxib, and tepoxalin.

Conclusion:

The purposes of this article are to review the pathophysiology of prostaglandin synthesis and inhibition, the mechanisms of action, pharmacokinetics, pharmacological effects, and potential adverse reactions of aspirin and the newly released NSAIDs.

Author & Journal:Curry SL, et al, J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 2005; 41:298-309
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Normal and pathological adaptations of articular cartilage to joint loading

Summary:

Joints are functional units that transmit mechanical loads between contacting bones during normal daily or specialized activities, e.g., sports. All components of the joint, i.e. articular cartilage, bone, muscles, ligaments/tendons and nerves, participate in load transmission. Failure in any of these components can cause joint malfunction, which, in turn, may lead to accumulation of damage in other joint components.

Conclusion:

The importance of the neuromuscular system to the initiation and progression of OA is still poorly understood. Many surgical extra- and intra-articular procedures have been used for the treatment of OA. Although some of the new methods, such as autologous chondrocyte transplantation and mosaicplasty, have given good clinical results, it is reasonable to emphasize that the methods still are experimental and more controlled studies are needed.

Author & Journal:Arokoski JPA, et al, Scan J Med Sci Sports 2000
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OARSI guidelines for the non-surgical management of knee, hip, and polyarticular osteoarthritis

Summary:

To update and expand upon prior Osteoarthritis Research Society International (OARSI) guidelines by developing patient-focused treatment recommendations for individuals with Knee, Hip, and Polyarticular osteoarthritis (OA) that are derived from expert consensus and based on an objective review of high-quality meta-analytic data.

Conclusion:

These guidelines offer comprehensive and patient-centered treatment profiles for individuals with Knee, Hip, and Polyarticular OA. The treatment algorithm will facilitate individualized treatment decisions regarding the management of OA.

Author & Journal:, R R Bannuru, M C Osani, E E Vaysbrot, N K Arden, K Bennell, S M A Bierma-Zeinstra, V B Kraus, L S Lohmander, J H Abbott, M Bhandari, F J Blanco, R Espinosa, I K Haugen, J Lin, L A Mandl, E Moilanen, N Nakamura, L Snyder-Mackler, T Trojian, M Underwood, T E McAlindon, Osteoarthritis and Cartilage, 2019
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Opioids Out, Cannabis In Negotiating the Unknowns in Patient Care for Chronic Pain

Summary:

“Unless the nation develops an increased tolerance to chronic pain, reduction in opioid prescribing leaves a vacuum that will be filled with other therapies.” Consideration for the pharmacological, social and legal role of cannabis as an alternative for prescribing opioids.

Conclusion:

The prescribing of opioid therapy for chronic noncancer pain advanced unchecked until opioid-related adverse events and other consequences reached epic proportions. To ensure the medical community does not repeat this mistake with cannabis, physicians should balance the need to keep pace with the swiftly evolving cultural, social, and legal climate surrounding cannabis use for pain with the imperative to guide practice with sound science.

Author & Journal:Choo, Esther K. et al, JAMA, 2016
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Outpatient Oral Analgesics in Dogs and Cats Beyond Nonsteroidal Anti-inflammatory Drugs

Summary:

This article evaluates the current literature on oral analgesics and analgesic adjuncts in dogs and cats. An overview of how dosing recommendations are made covering controlled clinical trials, experimental study design, and pharmacokinetic studies is included.

Conclusion:

The weight of evidence for each drug [Polysulfated glycosaminoglycans, Amantadine, Tramadol, Gabapentin, Pregabalin, Codeine, Hydrocodone, Amitriptyline, Venlafaxine, Duloxetine, Glucosamine and chondroitin, Morphine, Oxycodone, Methadone] is reviewed and compared with the gold standard, controlled clinical trials. Other evidence such as experimental studies, extrapolation of pharmacokinetic studies, and case reports/series is also considered.

Author & Journal:KuKanich, Butch, Veterinary Clinics of North America: Small Animal Practice, 2013
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Owner assessment of chronic pain intensity and results of gait analysis of dogs with hip dysplasia treated with acupuncture.

Summary:

To evaluate pain intensity and kinetic variables in dogs with hip dysplasia (HD) treated with acupuncture, carprofen, or a placebo.

Conclusion:

Neither acupuncture nor carprofen was significantly different from placebo. Acupuncture and carprofen reduced the degree of subjectively evaluated lameness, and acupuncture was associated with a decrease in validated chronic pain scores.

Author & Journal:Teixeira LR, et al, J Am Vet Med Assoc 249(9):1031-1039, 2016
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Partial Cranial Cruciate Ligament Tears Treated with Stem Cell and Platelet-Rich Plasma Combination Therapy in 36 Dogs: A Retrospective Study.

Summary:

To evaluate outcomes in 36 dogs with a partial cranial cruciate ligament (CCL) tear treated with autologous bone marrow aspirate concentrate (BMAC) or adipose-derived progenitor cells (ADPC) with platelet-rich plasma (PRP) combination.

Conclusion:

Stifle arthroscopy findings at 90 days posttreatment were available on 13 of the 36 dogs. In nine dogs, a fully intact CCL with marked neovascularization and a normal fiber pattern was found with all previous regions of disruption healed. One dog revealed significant improvement and received an additional injection. The remaining three dogs had a >50% CCL tear, and a TPLO was performed. Four additional dogs were known to have had a TPLO performed elsewhere. Baseline and day 90 posttreatment objective gait analyses were available on 11 of the 36 dogs. A significant difference was found between the treated limb total pressure index percent (TPI%) at day 0 and day 90 (p = 0.0124), and between the treated limb and contralateral limb TPI% at day 0 (p = 0.0003). No significant difference was found between the treated limb and contralateral limb TPI% at day 90 (p = 0.7466). Twelve questionnaires were returned, of which eight were performance/sporting dogs. Seven of the eight had returned to sport; the remaining dog had just begun a return to sport conditioning program 6 months posttreatment. All 12 respondents believed that their dog had an excellent or very good quality of life and rated their dog’s procedural outcome as excellent or good.

Author & Journal:Canapp SO, et al, Frontiers Vet Sci 2016 doi: 10.3389/fvets.2016.00112
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Patellar luxation in dogs and cats: Management and prevention.

Summary:

Patellar luxation in dogs with clinical signs of lameness is managed by surgical correction. Treatment consists of a combination of bone reconstruction and soft tissue correction techniques, Bone reconstruction procedures include mainly trochleoplasty and transposition of the tibial tuberosity. Release and imbrication of the joint capsule and fascia, antirotational suture or posterolateral capsulorrhaphy, and transposition of the quadriceps muscle are the main soft tissue reconstruction procedures.

Conclusion:

The prognosis for animals that receive surgical correction is considered good. Animals with patellar luxation must be excluded from breeding to prevent this condition in future generations.

Author & Journal:L’Eplattenier H, et al, Compend 2002 24(4)292-299
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Patellar luxation in dogs and cats: Pathogenesis and diagnosis.

Summary:

Patellar luxation can be either medial or lateral and is one of the most common orthopaedic diseases of the hindlimb in dogs. The condition is most often congenital and associated with varying degrees of skeletal deformity of the femur and tibia. It is suggested that an abnormal conformation of the hip joint or pelvis is the origin of the disease.

Conclusion:

The condition is less common in cats. Patellar luxations can be classified into four grades of severity. Diagnosis is based mainly on palpation of the affected stifle and patella.

Author & Journal:L’Eplattenier H, et al, Compend 2002 24(3)234-239
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Pathophysiology and management of arthritis

Summary:

This article primarily reviews the pathophysiology, diagnosis, and therapy of osteoarthritis but also briefly discusses immune-mediated arthritides.

Conclusion:

Because of the rapid and continuing research gains, it behooves clinicians to maintain a current awareness of the related literature.

Author & Journal:Renberg, W.C., Vet Clin Smal Anim 2005
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