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References

Pelvic osteotomy for axial rotation of the acetabular segment in dogs with hip dysplasia

Summary:

Pelvic osteotomy has provided normal function and activity to dogs with hip dysplasia.

Conclusion:

Physical and radiographic examination and palpation under anesthesia permit evaluation of the degenerative process and provide the specific amount of axial rotation of the pelvis necessary for each dog. The technique consists of an osteotomy of the pubis, ischium, and ilium to reestablish acetabular support of the femoral head.

Author & Journal:Slocum B, et al, Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract 1992
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Perforated peptic ulcer and short-term mortality among tramadol users.

Summary:

WHAT IS ALREADY KNOWN ABOUT THIS SUBJECT: Use of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) is a strong risk and prognostic factor for peptic ulcer perforation, and alternative analgesics are needed for high-risk patients. * Pain management guidelines propose tramadol as a treatment option for mild-to-moderate pain in patients at high risk of gastrointestinal side-effects, including pepticulcer disease. * Tramadol may mask symptoms of peptic ulcer complications, yet tramadol’s effect on peptic ulcer prognosis is unknown.

WHAT THIS STUDY ADDS:  In this population-based study of 1271 patients hospitalized with peptic ulcer perforation, tramadol appeared to increase mortality at least as much as NSAIDs. * Among users of tramadol, alone or in combination with NSAIDs, adjusted 30-day mortality rate ratios were 2.02 [9

Conclusion:

Among patients hospitalized for perforated peptic ulcer, tramadol appears to increase mortality at a level comparable to NSAIDs.

Author & Journal:Torring ML, et al, Br J Clin Pharmacol 2007;65:565-572
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Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of oral acetaminophen in combination with codeine in healthy Greyhound dogs.

Summary:

The purpose of this study was to determine the pharmacokinetic and antinociceptive effects of an acetaminophen/codeine combinationadministered orally to six healthy greyhounds.

Conclusion:

Further studies using different models (including clinical trials), different dog breeds, multiple dose regimens, and a range of dosages are needed prior to recommended use or concluding lack of efficacy for oral acetaminophen/codeine in dogs.

Author & Journal:KuKanich B., J Vet Pharmacol Ther 2016;39:514-517
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Pharmacokinetics of intravenous and oral amitriptyline and its active metabolite nortriptyline in Greyhound dogs.

Summary:

To evaluate the pharmacokinetics of amitriptyline and its active metabolite nortriptyline after intravenous (IV) and oralamitriptyline administration in healthy dogs.

Conclusion:

Amitriptyline at 4 mg kg(-1) administered orally produced low amitriptyline and nortriptylineplasma concentrations. This brings into question whether the currently recommended oral dose of amitriptyline (1-4 mg kg(-1)) is appropriate in dogs.

Author & Journal:Norkus C, et al, Vet Anaesth Analeg 2015;42:580-589
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Pharmacokinetics of oral gabapentin in greyhound dogs.

Summary:

The purpose of this study was to assess the pharmacokinetics of gabapentin in healthy greyhound dogs after single oral doses targeted at 10 and 20mg/kg PO. Six healthy greyhounds were enrolled (3 males, 3 females).

Conclusion:

Gabapentin was rapidly absorbed and eliminated in dogs, indicating that frequent dosing is needed to maintain minimum targeted plasma concentrations.

Author & Journal:KuKanich B, et al, Vet J 2011;187:133-135
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Pharmacokinetics of tramadol and the metabolite O-desmethyltramadol in dogs.

Summary:

Tramadol is an analgesic and antitussive agent that is metabolized to O-desmethyltramadol (M1), which is also active. Tramadol and M1 exert their mode of action through complex interactions between opiate, adrenergic, and serotonin receptors. The pharmacokinetics of tramadol and M1 were examined following intravenous and oral tramadol administration to six healthy dogs, as well as intravenous M1 to three healthy dogs. The calculated parameters for half-life, volume of distribution, and total body clearance were 0.80 +/- 0.12 h, 3.79 +/- 0.93 L/kg, and 54.63 +/- 8.19 mL/kg/min following 4.4 mg/kg tramadol HCl administered intravenously. The systemic availability was 65 +/- 38% and half-life 1.71 +/- 0.12 h following tramadol 11 mg/kg p.o. M1 had a half-life of 1.69 +/- 0.45 and 2.18 +/- 0.55 h following intravenous and oral administration of tramadol. Following intravenous M1 administration the half-life, volume of distribution, and clearance of M1 were 0.94 +/- 0.09 h, 2.80 +/- 0.15 L/kg, and 34.93 +/- 5.53 mL/kg/min respectively. Simulated oral dosing regimens at 5 mg/kg every 6 h and 2.5 mg/kg every 4 h predict tramadol and M1 plasma concentrations consistent with analgesia in humans; however, studies are needed to establish the safety and efficacy of these doses.

Author & Journal:KuKanich B, et al, J Vet Pharmacol Therap 2004;27:239-246
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Pharmacokinetics, Safety, and Clinical Efficacy of Cannabidiol Treatment in Osteoarthritic Dogs

Summary:

“The objectives of this study were to determine basic oral pharmacokinetics, and assess safety and analgesic efficacy of a cannabidiol (CBD) based oil in dogs with osteoarthritis (OA).”

Conclusion:

“Pharmacokinetics revealed an elimination half-life of 4.2 h at both doses and no observable side effects. Clinically, canine brief pain inventory and Hudson activity scores showed a significant decrease in pain and increase in activity (p < 0.01) with CBD oil. Veterinary assessment showed decreased pain during CBD treatment (p < 0.02). No side effects were reported by owners, however, serum chemistry showed an increase in alkaline phosphatase during CBD treatment (p < 0.01).”

Author & Journal:Gamble, Lauri-Jo et al, Frontiers in Veterinary Science, 2018
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Photobiomodulation directly benefits primary neurons functionally inactivated by toxins: role of cytochrome c oxidase.

Summary:

Far red and near infrared (NIR) light promotes wound healing, but the mechanism is poorly understood. Our previous studies using 670 nm light-emitting diode (LED) arrays suggest that cytochrome c oxidase, a photoacceptor in the NIR range, plays an important role in therapeutic photobiomodulation. If this is true, then an irreversible inhibitor of cytochrome c oxidase, potassium cyanide (KCN), should compete with LED and reduce its beneficial effects. This hypothesis was tested on primary cultured neurons. LED treatment partially restored enzyme activity blocked by 10-100 microm KCN. It significantly reduced neuronal cell death induced by 300 microm KCN from 83.6 to 43.5%. However, at 1-100 mm KCN, the protective effects of LED decreased, and neuronal deaths increased. LED significantly restored neuronal ATP content only at 10 microm KCN but not at higher concentrations of KCN tested. Pretreatment with LED enhanced efficacy of LED during exposure to 10 or 100 microm KCN but did not restore enzyme activity to control levels. In contrast, LED was able to completely reverse the detrimental effect of tetrodotoxin, which only indirectly down-regulated enzyme levels. Among the wavelengths tested (670, 728, 770, 830, and 880 nm), the most effective ones (830 nm, 670 nm) paralleled the NIR absorption spectrum of oxidized cytochrome c oxidase, whereas the least effective wavelength, 728 nm, did not.

Conclusion:

The results are consistent with our hypothesis that the mechanism of photobiomodulation involves the up-regulation of cytochrome c oxidase, leading to increased energy metabolism in neurons functionally inactivated by toxins.

Author & Journal:Wong-Riley MT, et al, J Biol Chem 2005;280: 4761-4771
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Pilot study measuring the effects of bandaging and cold compression therapy following tibial plateau levelling osteotomy.

Summary:

To compare cold compression therapy, modified Robert-Jones bandage or the combination of cold compression therapyplus modified Robert-Jones bandage on operated limbs following tibial plateau levelling osteotomy in dogs.

Conclusion:

There was no significant difference in weight-bearing, range of motion or limb swelling between groups. There was a trend for dogs in the cold compression therapy and cold compression therapy with a bandage groups to have a greater increase in weight-bearing after surgery compared with the bandage-only group.

Author & Journal:Kieves, NR, et al, J Small Anim Pract. 2016: 57(10): 543-547.
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Potential adverse effects of omega-3 Fatty acids in dogs and cats.

Summary:

Fish oil omega-3 fatty acids, mainly eicosapentaenoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid, are used in the management of several diseases in companion animal medicine, many of which are inflammatory in nature. This review describes metabolic differences among omega-3fatty acids and outlines potential adverse effects that may occur with their supplementation in dogs and cats with a special focus on omega-3 fatty acids from fish oil.

Conclusion:

Important potential adverse effects of omega-3 fatty acid supplementation include altered platelet function, gastrointestinal adverse effects, detrimental effects on wound healing, lipid peroxidation, potential for nutrient excess and toxin exposure, weight gain, altered immune function, effects on glycemic control and insulin sensitivity, and nutrient-drug interactions.

Author & Journal:Lenox CE, et al, J Vet Intern Med 2013;27:217-226
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