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Cranial cruciate ligament disease in dogs: biology versus biomechanics.

Summary:

The stifle joint of dogs is an organ comprised of multiple tissue types that must work in concert to maintain joint health and function. Cruciate disease in dogs is caused by a spectrum of causal and risk factors that result in a final common pathway of abnormal biomechanics and abnormal biology causing osteoarthritis, or organ failure, of the stifle and the clinical signs of lameness, pain, and limbdysfunction.

Conclusion:

It is vital to understand the components of the biologic and biomechanical pathologies to improve our understanding of cruciate disease in dogs so that we can improve preventative, diagnostic, and therapeutic strategies for our canine patients.

Author & Journal:Cook JL, Vet Surg. 2010 Apr;39(3):270-7
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Risk factors for excessive tibial plateau angle in large-breed dogs with cranial cruciate ligament disease.

Summary:

To identify risk factors for development of excessive tibial plateau angle (TPA) in large-breed dogs with cranial cruciate ligament disease (CCLD).

Conclusion:

Results suggested that early neutering was a significant risk factor for development of excessive TPA in large-breed dogs with CCLD. Further research into the effects of early neutering on TPA and the pathophysiology of CCLD is warranted.

Author & Journal:Duerr FM, et al, JAVMA 231:1688-1691, 2007
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Fragmented coronoid process in the dog: a heritable disease.

Summary:

Fragmented coronoid process (FCP) is one of the main diseases associated with elbow dysplasia. FCP is often diagnosed in medium-to-large breed dogs with front leg lameness, for instance in Rottweilers, Labrador Retrievers and Bernese Mountain dogs. Dogs with FCP develop osteoarthrosis of the elbow joint despite conservative or surgical treatment. Although FCP is considered a hereditary condition, the gene or genes causing FCP have yet to be identified. This article provides an overview of different aspects of FCP, including elbow joint development, hypotheses about disease pathogenesis, the genetic background of FCP, and genetic methodology to identify gene or genes responsible for FCP.

Author & Journal:Temwichitr J, et al, Vet J 2010 185:123-129
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Long-term radiographic comparison of tibial plateau leveling osteotomy versus extracapsular stabilization for cranial cruciate ligament rupture in the dog.

Summary:

Comparison of 2 methods of surgical management of cranial cruciate ligament (CCL) injury in large-breed dogs using a radiographic osteoarthrosis (OA) scoring system.

Conclusion:

Based on logistic regression analysis, dogs with larger OA score differences were 5.78 times more likely to have had ECR than TPLO.

Author & Journal:Lazar TP, et al, Vet Surg 34:133–141, 2005
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Long-term results of conservative treatment, excision arthroplasty and triple pelvic osteotomy for the treatment of hip dysplasia in the immature dog

Summary:

The efficiency of conservative treatment, excision arthroplasty of the femoral head and neck and triple pelvic osteotomy for the treatment of hip dysplasia in the immature dog were compared using locomotor, physical and radiographic examinations and owner’s evaluation.

Conclusion:

Radiographic examination demonstrated the obvious superiority of the triple pelvic osteotomy over conservative treatment for joint congruence and control of degenerative joint disease.

Author & Journal:Plante J, Dupuis, et al, Vet Comp Orthop Trauma 10: 101-110, 1997
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Patellar luxation in dogs and cats: Management and prevention.

Summary:

Patellar luxation in dogs with clinical signs of lameness is managed by surgical correction. Treatment consists of a combination of bone reconstruction and soft tissue correction techniques, Bone reconstruction procedures include mainly trochleoplasty and transposition of the tibial tuberosity. Release and imbrication of the joint capsule and fascia, antirotational suture or posterolateral capsulorrhaphy, and transposition of the quadriceps muscle are the main soft tissue reconstruction procedures.

Conclusion:

The prognosis for animals that receive surgical correction is considered good. Animals with patellar luxation must be excluded from breeding to prevent this condition in future generations.

Author & Journal:L’Eplattenier H, et al, Compend 2002 24(4)292-299
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Prevalence of radiographic appendicular osteoarthritis and associated clinical signs in young dogs

Summary:

This study aimed to determine the prevalence of osteoarthritis (OA) and associated clinical signs in young dogs (aged 8 months–4 years). Each joint was scored for pain reactions (0–4). Orthogonal radiographs of all joints were made under sedation. Each joint was scored for radiographic OA (rOA) severity. Clinical OA (cOA) was defined as an overlap of rOA and joint pain in ≥ 1 joint. The owners of 123 dogs agreed to participate. Overall, 39.8% (49/123) of dogs had rOA in ≥ 1 joint, and 16.3% (20/123) or 23.6% (29/123) dogs had cOA, depending on the cut-off value of joint pain; moderate (2), or mild (1), respectively. Owners of dogs with cOA observed signs of impairment in approximately 30% of cases. Only 2 dogs with cOA were receiving OA pain management. The most commonly affected joints in descending order of frequency were elbow, hip, tarsus, and stifle.

Conclusion:

Radiographically visible OA is common in young dogs (8m- 4y), and 40–60% of dogs with radiographic OA had clinical OA. Pain appears underdiagnosed and undertreated in young dogs.

Author & Journal:Masataka Enomoto, Nicholas de Castro, Jonathan Hash, Andrea Thomson, Aoi Nakanishi-Hester, Erin Perry, Savannah Aker, Emily Haupt, Logan Opperman, Simon Roe, Tracey Cole, Nichola Archer Thompson, J F Innes, B Duncan X Lascelles; Scientific Reports, 2024
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Safety and functional outcomes associated with short-term rehabilitation therapy in the post-operative management of tibial plateau leveling osteotomy.

Summary:

This retrospective cohort study using electronic questionnaires compared the perioperative complication rates of tibial plateau levelling osteotomy (TPLO) surgery and the 8-week, 6-month, and 1-year functional outcomes, between rehabilitation and traditional post-operative management.

Conclusion:

This study suggests that rehabilitationperformed by a certified practitioner is safe and may improve short-term outcomes when used in the initial postoperative managementfor dogs treated with TPLO.

Author & Journal:Romano LS, et al, Can Vet J 56:942-946, 2015
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Evaluation of polysulfated glycosaminoglycan for the treatment of hip dysplasia in dogs.

Summary:

A double-blinded, controlled clinical study was performed to compare the response of adult dogs affected with hip dysplasia to a placebo and three different dosages of polysulfated glycosaminoglycan (PSGAG): 2.2 mg/kg, 4.4 mg/kg, and 8.8 mg/kg. Dogs were randomly assigned to treatment groups. The drug was administered intramuscularly every 3 to 5 days for a total of eight injections. Response to treatment was analyzed based on changes in lameness, range of motion (ROM), and pain on manipulation of the hip joints.

Conclusion:

Eighty-four met all criteria for inclusion in the study. Dogs that were given 4.4 mg/kg of PSGAG showed the greatest improvement in orthopedic scores, whereas dogs in the placebo group showed the smallest improvement; however, the differences in clinical improvement between the four treatment groups were not statistically significant. No local or systemic adverse reactions related to the drug were observed.

Author & Journal:DeHaan JJ, et al, Vet Surg 1994;23:177–181
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Prevalence of cranial cruciate ligament rupture in a population of dogs with lameness previously attributed to hip dysplasia: 369 cases (1994-2003)

Summary:

To determine the prevalence of cranial cruciate ligament rupture (CCLR) in dogs with lameness previously attributed to canine hip dysplasia (CHD).

Conclusion:

On the basis of the high prevalence of CCLR in dogs referred for lameness because of CHD, it is important to exclude other sources of stifle joint disease before making recommendations for treatment of CHD.

Author & Journal:Powers MY, et al, JAVMA 2005 227(7):1109-1111
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