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Diagnostic imaging of canine elbow dysplasia: a review.

Summary:

Canine elbow dysplasia (CED) is a common developmental disorder of the cubital joint of dogs. CED is comprised of fragmented medial coronoid process (FMCP), ununited anconeal process (UAP), osteochondrosis (OC), and elbow incongruity. Multiple imaging modalities have been used to assess this complex of disorders and the severity of the pathologic changes. Radiography has been used as a surveying tool for assessment of CED for many years. Recently, alternate techniques and modalities have expanded our knowledge of CED and our clinical approach to this disorder. Nuclear medicine has been used to aid in localizing lameness to the elbow joint. Ultrasonography has proven helpful for imaging the soft tissue structures adjacent to the joint as well as superficial bone abnormalities, including visualization of FMCP. Computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging are advanced imaging modalities that allow visualization of the elbow in multiple planes and into three-dimensional reconstructions, thus allowing lesions to be more accurately and comprehensively visualized. Assessment of elbow incongruity in particular has been benefitted by these advanced imaging techniques because of the importance of sagittal and dorsal plane imaging and reconstructions for accurately determining the relationships between radial and ulnar articular surfaces.

Conclusion:

Comparative studies using multiple techniques and imaging modalities with correlation to reference standards and patient outcomes will be vital to continued progress in this area.

Author & Journal:Cook CR, et al, Vet Surg 2009 38:144-153
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Short-term and eight to 12 months results of a tibial tuberosity advancement as treatment of canine cranial cruciate ligament damage.

Summary:

To describe the perioperative complications and the six weeks and eight to 12 months outcome of cases of canine cranialcruciate ligament damage treated with a tibial tuberosity advancement.

Conclusion:

The complication rate was comparable with previous reports of cranial cruciate ligament rupture treated with a tibial tuberosityadvancement or a tibial plateau leveling osteotomy (TPLO). The most frequent complication was a symptomatic late secondary meniscal damage in six cases (8.5 per cent). These cases were successfully treated with a partial meniscectomy during a minimal invasive procedure. The six-week re-evaluation showed advanced healing of the tibial crest osteotomies in 94 per cent of the cases and a significant reduction of the lameness in all dogs. Eighty-three per cent of the owners reported that their dogs are never lame or only after heavy exercise eight to 12 months after the tibial tuberosity advancement procedure. Sixty-five per cent of the owners stated the overall treatment to be excellent, 28 per cent good.

Author & Journal:Stein S, et al, J Small Anim Pract. 2008 Aug;49(8):398-404
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Total joint replacement in the dog.

Summary:

Total joint replacement has evolved over the past 50 years from a concept that was first attempted in people suffering from osteoarthritis to a commonly applied practice in veterinary medicine. Although many questions have been answered, several controversies still exist, with many implant and technical options being explored.

Conclusion:

Currently, total hip and elbow replacement are commercially available options viable for use in dogs. These options are detailed in this article. Joint replacement for other canine joints (ie, knee, hock, shoulder) that develop osteoarthritis likely will be developed in the near future.

Author & Journal:Conzemius MG, et al, Vet Clin North Am Small Anim 2005
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Inheritance of rupture of the cranial cruciate ligament in Newfoundlands

Summary:

To determine prevalence, level of inbreeding, heritability, and mode of inheritance for rupture of the cranial cruciateligament (RCCL) in Newfoundlands.

Conclusion:

Identification of a genetic basis for RCCL in Newfoundlands provided evidence that investigators can now focus on developing methods to identify carriers to reduce the prevalence of RCCL.

Author & Journal:Wilke VL, et al, J Am Vet Med Assoc. 2006 Jan 1;228(1):61-4
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Comparison of owner satisfaction between stifle joint orthoses and tibial plateau leveling osteotomy for the management of cranial cruciate ligament disease in dogs.

Summary:

To compare owner satisfaction between custom-made stifle joint orthoses and tibial plateau leveling osteotomy (TPLO) for the management of medium- and large-breed dogs with cranial cruciate ligament disease (CCLD). DESIGN Owner survey.

Conclusion:

Results indicated high owner satisfaction rates for both interventions. Owners considering nonsurgical management with an orthosis should be advised about potential complications such as persistent lameness, skin lesions, patient intolerance of the device, and the need for subsequent surgery.

Author & Journal:Hart JL, et al, J Am Vet Med Assoc 2016;249(4):391-398
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Co-existence of ununited anconeal process and fragmented medial coronoid process of the ulna in the dog

Summary:

To determine the incidence of fragmented medial coronoid process of the ulna in dogs with ununited anconeal process. The efficacy of presurgical radiography to diagnose the co-existence of these diseases was also investigated.

Conclusion:

Seventy-two per cent of the dogs were German shepherd dogs. In 25 joints (16 per cent) a fragmented medial coronoidprocess was diagnosed and removed via arthrotomy or arthroscopy. The co-existence of a fragmented medial coronoid process was diagnosed correctly in only 13 cases (52 per cent) by radiography. In five of these cases with advanced osteoarthritis, the fragment was directly visible because of its dislocation. Compared with published information, the occurrence of ununited anconeal process with fragmented medial coronoid process is noted more frequently in the present study.

Author & Journal:Meyer-Lindenberg A, et al, J Small Anim Prac 2006 47:61-65
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Long-term functional outcome of tibial plateau leveling osteotomy versus extracapsular repair in a heterogeneous population of dogs.

Summary:

To compare the long-term outcome of tibial plateau leveling osteotomy (TPLO) and extracapsular repair (ECR) for treatment of a ruptured cranial cruciate ligament (RCCL).

Conclusion:

Dogs achieved normal limb loading faster after TPLO than ECR. TPLO resulted in operated limb function that was indistinguishable from the control population by 1 year postoperatively.

Author & Journal:Nelson SA, et al, Vet Surg 42:38-50, 2013
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Evaluation of the relationship between Orthopedic Foundation for Animals’ hip joint scores and PennHIP distraction index values in dogs

Summary:

To compare 2 screening methods for detecting evidence of hip dysplasia (Orthopedic Foundation for Animals [OFA] and PennHIP) in dogs.

Conclusion:

Dogs judged as phenotypically normal by the OFA harbored clinically important passive hipjoint laxity as determined via distraction radiography. Results suggested that OFA scoring of HE radiographs underestimated susceptibility to osteoarthritis in dogs, which may impede progress in reducing or eliminating hip dysplasia through breeding.

Author & Journal:Powers MY, et al, JAVMA 2010
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Patellar luxation in dogs and cats: Pathogenesis and diagnosis.

Summary:

Patellar luxation can be either medial or lateral and is one of the most common orthopaedic diseases of the hindlimb in dogs. The condition is most often congenital and associated with varying degrees of skeletal deformity of the femur and tibia. It is suggested that an abnormal conformation of the hip joint or pelvis is the origin of the disease.

Conclusion:

The condition is less common in cats. Patellar luxations can be classified into four grades of severity. Diagnosis is based mainly on palpation of the affected stifle and patella.

Author & Journal:L’Eplattenier H, et al, Compend 2002 24(3)234-239
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