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References

The role of neutering in cancer development.

Summary:

Increased discussion on the influence of neutering on cancer development has been recently prompted with several studies that seem to indicate that incidence of some cancers may be increased with castration or spaying in our canine populations. Although the data are thought-provoking, we may not be able to extrapolate findings in single dog breeds to the entire species. Additionally, societal and humane issues related to pet overpopulation, as well as the incidence of other noncancerous diseases, behavior issues, and potentially decreased overall lifespan in unaltered animals must be taken into consideration before wholesale rejection of neutering in pets.

Author & Journal:Smith AN, Vet Clin Small Anim 2014; 44:965-975
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The role of synovial macrophages and macrophage-produced mediators in driving inflammatory and destructive responses in osteoarthritis.

Summary:

Here, we will review and comment on some recent work, involving both in vitro studies of human OA synovium and studies of OA pathology in animal models, which have strongly suggested that the inflamed synovium and activated syno- vial macrophages are important in promoting OA pa- thology. In particular, we will provide an overview of the role of synovial macrophages in promoting inflamma- tory and destructive responses in OA and the potential role of therapeutic strategies directed against macro- phages or macrophage-produced cytokines as remission- inducing agents in this disease.

Conclusion:

Although it remains most likely that the fundamental difference between OA and RA is found at the level of cartilage and bone rather than in the synovium, the above findings would certainly stimu- late interest from academia and industry to investigate intracellular signaling and cytokine biology in OA syno- vium, in the search for potential therapeutic targets.

Author & Journal:Bondeson, Jan, et al, Arthritis Rheum. 2010 Mar;62(3):647-57. doi: 10.1002/art.27290
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The thermal effects of therapeutic lasers with 810 and 904 nm wavelengths on human skin.

Summary:

To investigate the effect of therapeutic infrared class 3B laser irradiation on skin temperature in healthy participants of differing skin color, age, and gender.

Conclusion:

The thermal effects of LLLT at doses recommended by WALT-guidelines for musculoskeletal and inflammatory conditions are negligible (<1.5°C) in light, medium, and dark skin. However, higher LLLT doses delivered with a strong 3B laser (200 mW) are capable of increasing skin temperature significantly and these photothermal effects may exceed the thermal pain threshold for humans with dark skin color.

Author & Journal:Joensen J, et al, Photomed Laser Surg 2011:29(3):145-153
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Therapeutic Efficacy and Safety of Undenatured Type II Collagen Singly or in Combination with Glucosamine and Chondroitin in Arthritic Dogs.

Summary:

This investigation was undertaken to evaluate the therapeutic efficacy and safety of glycosylated undenatured type II collagen (UC-II) alone or in combination with glucosamine HCl and chondroitin sulfate in arthritic dogs.

Conclusion:

None of the dogs in any groups showed any adverse effects or change in liver or kidney function markers or body weight. Data of this placebo-controlled study demonstrate that daily treatment of arthritic dogs with UC-II alone or in combination with glucosamine and chondroitin markedly alleviates arthritic-associated pain, and these supplements are well tolerated as no side effects were noted.

Author & Journal:D’Altilio M, et al, Toxicol Mech Methods. 2007;17(4):189-96.
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Therapeutic use of fish oils in companion animals.

Author & Journal:Bauer JE, J Am Vet Med Assoc 2011;239:1441-1451
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Tibial osteotomies for cranial cruciate ligament insufficiency in dogs.

Summary:

To review the biomechanical considerations, experimental investigations, and clinical data pertaining to tibial osteotomyprocedures for treatment of cranial cruciate ligament (CrCL) insufficiency in dogs.

Conclusion:

Currently available data does not allow accurate comparisons between different tibial osteotomy procedures, or with traditional methods of stabilizing the CrCL-deficient stifle. Carefully designed long-term clinical studies and further biomechanical analyses are required to determine the optimal osteotomy technique, and whether these procedures are superior to other stabilization methods.

Author & Journal:Kim SE, et al, Vet Surg 37:111–125, 2008
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Tibial plateau angle, sex, and weight as risk factors for contralateral rupture of the cranial cruciate ligament in Labradors

Summary:

To compare rates of contralateral cranial cruciate ligament rupture (CCLR) in Labradors based on age and weight at initial rupture, sex, and tibial plateau angle (TPA) and to determine whether Labradors that rupture their initial cranial cruciate ligament (CCL) at an earlier age (<4 years) are more likely to rupture their contralateral side within a certain period of time.

Conclusion:

Age and weight at initial rupture, sex, and TPA does not affect likelihood or rate of contralateral CCL rupture or presentation with bilateral CCL ruptures.

Author & Journal:Buote N, Fusco, et al, Vet Surg. 2009 Jun;38(4):481-9.
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Tibial plateau leveling osteotomy for repair of cranial cruciate ligament rupture in the canine

Summary:

A new technique for correcting the cranial cruciate deficient stifle, the tibial plateau leveling osteotomy, is introduced by the author.

Conclusion:

The technique is described and illustrated. Clinical results of 394 cases are described.

Author & Journal:Slocum B, Slocum T., 1. Vet Clin N Am-Small 23:777–95, 1993
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Tibial plateau leveling osteotomy or tibial tuberosity advancement?

Summary:

To review the proposed biomechanical basis of the tibial plateau leveling osteotomy (TPLO) and tibial tuberosityadvancement (TTA) and recommendations for these techniques.

Conclusion:

There are many similarities between TPLO and TTA although it remains to be fully elucidated if either procedure is superior and under what conditions.

Author & Journal:Boudrieau RJ, Vet Surg. 2009 Jan;38(1):1-22
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Tibial tuberosity advancement for stabilization of the canine cranial cruciate ligament-deficient stifle joint: surgical technique, early results, and complications in 101 dogs.

Summary:

To describe the surgical technique, early results and complications of tibial tuberosity advancement (TTA) for treatment for cranial cruciate ligament (CrCL)-deficient stifle joints in dogs.

Conclusion:

TTA is a procedure comparable with alternate methods of CrCL repair with expected good to excellent functional outcome.

Author & Journal:Lafaver S, et al, Vet Surg. 2007 Aug;36(6):573-86.
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