Veterinarian Dashboard

References

Femoral Head and Neck Excision.

Summary:

Femoral head and neck excision is a surgical procedure that is commonly performed in small animal patients. It is a salvage procedure that is done to relieve pain in the coxofemoral joint and restore acceptable function of the limb. Femoral head and neck excision is most commonly used to treat severe osteoarthritis in the coxofemoral joint and can be done in dogs and cats of any size or age.

Conclusion:

The procedure should not be overused and ideally should not be done when the integrity of the coxofemoral joint can be restored.

Author & Journal:Harper TAM, Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract 2017
Learn More

Fragmented coronoid process in the dog: a heritable disease.

Summary:

Fragmented coronoid process (FCP) is one of the main diseases associated with elbow dysplasia. FCP is often diagnosed in medium-to-large breed dogs with front leg lameness, for instance in Rottweilers, Labrador Retrievers and Bernese Mountain dogs. Dogs with FCP develop osteoarthrosis of the elbow joint despite conservative or surgical treatment. Although FCP is considered a hereditary condition, the gene or genes causing FCP have yet to be identified. This article provides an overview of different aspects of FCP, including elbow joint development, hypotheses about disease pathogenesis, the genetic background of FCP, and genetic methodology to identify gene or genes responsible for FCP.

Author & Journal:Temwichitr J, et al, Vet J 2010 185:123-129
Learn More

Freedom on Information Summary: Original New Drug Application: Galliprant, Grapiprant tablets for dogs. 2016

Author & Journal:GALLIPRANT
Learn More

Frequency and distribution of patellar luxation in dogs. 134 cases (2000 to 2005).

Summary:

This study investigated the frequency and distribution of patellar luxation in the dogs presented to the Chonbuk National University Animal Medical Centre during January 2000 to September 2005. Patellar luxations were classified as medial or lateral, and unilateral or bilateral, were graded I to IV, and were subdivided according to age, sex and size of the dogs. The incidence of medial patellar luxation(MPL) was greater than the incidence of lateral patellar luxation (LPL) in both small and large dogs. Small-breed dogs were admitted almost exclusively with MPL. LPL was found uncommon; however it was observed more often in larger-breed dogs. Surgical correction was performed primarily in the dogs (165 stifles in 111 dogs) with grade II, III and IV patellar luxations following different surgical techniques.

Conclusion:

The combination of the surgical techniques was found to be more effective for the management of the disease. The prognosis was found to be favourable, because when the grade was low, the dog was younger, without cruciate ligament rupture, and as the surgical correction was performed with combination of more techniques.

Author & Journal:Alam MR, et al, Vet Comp Orthop Traumatol 2007 20:59-64
Learn More

Genetic aspects of canine elbow dysplasia

Author & Journal:Corley EA, et al, J Am Vet Med Assoc 1968 153:543-547
Learn More

Gonadectomy in cats and dogs: a review of risks and benefits.

Summary:

The necessity, and in particular the timing, of gonadectomy in dogs and cats is still controversial. This is mainly because gonadectomyconfers a mixture of benefits and adverse effects that depend upon the age at neutering, sex, species and breed.

Conclusion:

In this paper, the long-term risks and benefits of gonadectomy, at various ages, in dogs and cats are reviewed using data describing the effects of desexing on the urogenital tract and on other medical conditions, such as orthopaedic diseases, immune-mediated diseases, tumour development and behaviour.

Author & Journal:Reichler IM, Reprod Dom Anim 44(2):29-35, 2009
Learn More

Gonadectomy in immature dogs: effects on skeletal, physical, and behavioral development.

Summary:

In a 15-month study, the effects of prepubertal gonadectomy on skeletal growth, weight gain, food intake, body fat, secondary sex characteristics, and behavioral development were investigated in 32 mixed-breed dogs.

Conclusion:

Of 7 behavioral characteristics assessed, only general activity and excitability rated differently among treatment groups. All neutered dogs were judged to be more active (group I, P less than 0.004) than sexually intact dogs. Group-I males were judged to be more excitable (P less than 0.02) than group-III males. It was concluded that with respect to skeletal, physical, and behavioraldevelopment, the effect of neutering pups at 7 weeks old was similar to that of neutering pups at 7 months old.

Author & Journal:Salmeri KR, et al, JAVMA 198:1193-1203, 1991
Learn More

Grapiprant: an EP4 prostaglandin receptor antagonist and novel therapy for pain and inflammation.

Summary:

There are five active prostanoid metabolites of arachidonic acid (AA) that have widespread and varied physiologic functions throughout the body, including regulation of gastrointestinal mucosal blood flow, renal haemodynamics and primary haemostasis. Each prostanoid has at least one distinct receptor that mediates its action. Prostaglandin E2 (PGE 2) is a prostanoid that serves important homeostatic functions, yet is also responsible for regulating pain and inflammation. PGE 2 binds to four receptors, of which one, the EP4 receptor, is primarily responsible for the pain and inflammation associated with osteoarthritis (OA). The deleterious and pathologic actions of PGE 2are inhibited in varying degrees by steroids, aspirin and cyclo-oxygenase inhibiting NSAIDs; however, administration of these drugs causes decreased production of PGE 2, thereby decreasing or eliminating the homeostatic functions of the molecule. By inhibiting just the EP4 receptor, the homeostatic function of PGE 2 is better maintained. This manuscript will introduce a new class of pharmaceuticals known as the piprant class. Piprants are prostaglandin receptor antagonists (PRA). This article will include basic physiology of AA, prostanoids and piprants, will review available evidence for the relevance of EP4 PRAs in rodent models of pain and inflammation, and will reference available data for an EP4 PRA in dogs and cats. Piprants are currently in development for veterinary patients and the purpose of this manuscript is to introduce veterinarians to the class of drugs, with emphasis on an EP4 PRA and its potential role in the control of pain and inflammation associated with OA in dogs and cats.

Author & Journal:Kirkby Shaw K, et al, Vet Med and Science 2015
Learn More

Guidelines for recognition, assessment and treatment of pain

Summary:

This document is designed to provide the user with easy‐to‐implement, core fundamentals on the successful recognition and treatment of pain in the day‐to‐day small animal clinical practice setting.

Conclusion:

While not intended to be an exhaustive treatise on the subject matter, the text does provide an extensive reference list and there is additional material on the WSAVA website (www.wsava.org) designed to provide resources for those wanting to further their knowledge of this subject matter based on the current literature.

Author & Journal:Karol Mathews, et al, Journal of Small Animal Practice 55, E10–E68
Learn More

Healing and repair of ligament injuries in the knee

Summary:

Although methods of treating ligamentous injuries have continually improved, many questions remain about enhancing the rate, quality, and completeness of ligament healing. It is known that the ability of a torn ligament to heal depends on a variety of factors, including anatomic location, presence of associated injuries, and selected treatment modality. A grade III injury of the medial collateral ligament(MCL) of the knee usually heals spontaneously. Surgical repair followed by immobilization of an isolated MCL tear does not enhance thehealing process. In contrast, tears of the anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) and the posterior cruciate ligament often require surgical reconstruction. The MCL component of a combined ACL-MCL injury has a worse prognosis than an isolated MCL injury.

Conclusion:

The results of animal studies suggest that nonoperative treatment of an MCL injury is effective if combined with operative reconstruction of the ACL. Experimentation using animal models has helped to define the effects of ligament location, associated injuries, intrinsic factors, surgical repair, reconstruction, and exercise on ligament healing. New techniques utilizing growth factors and cell and gene therapies may offer the potential to enhance the rate and quality of healing of ligaments of the knee, as well as other ligaments in the body.

Author & Journal:Woo SL, et al, J Am Acad Orthop Surg 2000;8(6):364-372
Learn More