Pet Parents Dashboard

Pain Management

Efficacy of Venlafaxine in Neuropathic Pain: A Narrative Review of Optimized Treatment.

Summary:

The prevalence of neuropathic pain is high in the general population, and high priority is given to the management of this pain condition. The treatment of neuropathic pain remains challenging, despite the publication of national and international recommendations. The purpose of this narrative review of venlafaxine (VLX) is to provide a better knowledge of the pharmacology of this drug and a clearer view of its efficacy and tolerability in neuropathic pain.

Conclusion:

Eleven were randomized clinical trials, and the comparator was placebo in 8 studies. Nine studies reported that VLX was effective against neuropathic pain. However, among the trials, only one against placebo included a large number of patients with >200 participants and one against prégabaline and carbamazepine had >200 patients. Most of the adverse events reported in the selected studies were consistent with known adverse events of VLX, and most were mild to moderate. However, most studies were of very short duration.

Author & Journal:Trouvin AP, et al, Clin Ther. 2017 Jun;39(6):1104-1122
Learn More

Evaluation of adipose-derived stromal vascular fraction or bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells for treatment of osteoarthritis

Summary:

The purpose of this study was the assessment of clinical, biochemical, and histologic effects of intraarticular administered adipose-derived stromal vascular fraction or bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells for treatment of osteoarthritis. Osteoarthritis was induced arthroscopically in the middle carpal joint of all horses, the contralateral joint being sham-operated. All horses received treatment on Day 14.

Conclusion:

Evaluations included clinical, radiographic, synovial fluid analysis, gross, histologic, histochemical, and biochemical evaluations. No adverse treatment-related events were observed. The model induced a significant change in all but two parameters, no significant treatment effects were demonstrated, with the exception of improvement in synovial fluid effusion PGE2 levels with bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells when compared to placebo. A greater improvement was seen with bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells when compared to adipose-derived stromal vascular fraction and placebo treatment. Overall, the findings of this study were not significant enough to recommend the use of stem cells for the treatment of osteoarthritis represented in this model.

Author & Journal:Frisbie DD, et al, J Orthop Res 2009
Learn More

Pharmacokinetics, Safety, and Clinical Efficacy of Cannabidiol Treatment in Osteoarthritic Dogs

Summary:

“The objectives of this study were to determine basic oral pharmacokinetics, and assess safety and analgesic efficacy of a cannabidiol (CBD) based oil in dogs with osteoarthritis (OA).”

Conclusion:

“Pharmacokinetics revealed an elimination half-life of 4.2 h at both doses and no observable side effects. Clinically, canine brief pain inventory and Hudson activity scores showed a significant decrease in pain and increase in activity (p < 0.01) with CBD oil. Veterinary assessment showed decreased pain during CBD treatment (p < 0.02). No side effects were reported by owners, however, serum chemistry showed an increase in alkaline phosphatase during CBD treatment (p < 0.01).”

Author & Journal:Gamble, Lauri-Jo et al, Frontiers in Veterinary Science, 2018
Learn More

Clinical pharmacology of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs in dogs.

Summary:

To discuss the clinical pharmacology of currently licensed veterinary NSAIDs and to review gastrointestinal and renal adverse effects as well as drug-drug interactions that have been reported with these drugs. To review the use of NSAIDs in the peri-operative setting and their use in patients with osteoarthritis. To further review the reported effects of NSAIDs on canine articular cartilage and liver as well as the clinical relevance of a washout period.

Conclusion:

A good understanding of the mechanisms by which NSAIDs elicit their analgesic effect is essential in order to minimize adverse effects and drug-drug interactions. Cyclooxygenase (COX) is present in at least two active isoforms in the body and is the primary pharmacologic target of NSAIDs. Inhibition of COX is associated with the analgesic effects of NSAIDs. COX is present in the gastrointestinal tract and kidneys, along with other areas of the body, and is also the likely reason for many adverse effects including gastrointestinal and renal adverse effects. The newer veterinary approved NSAIDs have a lower frequency of gastrointestinal adverse effects in dogs compared to drugs such as aspirin, ketoprofen and flunixin, which may be due to differential effects on the COX isoforms. There are currently no published reports demonstrating that the newer NSAIDs are associated with fewer renal or hepatic adverse effects in dogs. NSAIDs remain the cornerstone of oral therapy for osteoarthritis unless contraindicated by intolerance, concurrent therapies or underlying medical conditions. NSAIDs are also effective and frequently used for the management of post-operative pain.

Author & Journal:KuKanich B, et al, Vet Anaesth Analg 2012;39:69-90
Learn More

Effects of electrostimulated acupuncture on ground reaction forces and pain scores in dogs with chronic elbow joint arthritis.

Summary:

To determine whether use of electrostimuluated acupuncture (ESA) would result in significant improvements in groundreaction forces and lameness scores in dogs with chronic elbow joint osteoarthritis secondary to elbow joint dysplasia.

Conclusion:

Results suggested that ESA did not have any significant effects on severity of lameness, as determined by measurement of ground reaction forces, or severity of pain, as determined by visual analog scale pain scores, in dogswith chronic elbow joint osteoarthritis secondary to elbow joint dysplasia.

Author & Journal:Kapatkin AS, et al, J Am Vet Med Assoc 228(9):1350-1354, 2006
Learn More

Systemic administration of glycosaminoglycan polysulphate (arteparon) provides partial protection of articular cartilage from damage produced by meniscectomy in the canine.

Summary:

Bilateral medial meniscectomy was undertaken in 14 mature beagles. Another two underwent arthrotomy (sham-operated controls).

Conclusion:

The results indicated that Arteparon provided some protective effect to AC in the meniscectomised compartment as demonstrated histologically by reduced surface fibrillation, diminished chondrocyte cloning, and maintenance of alcianophilia. The levels of PGs and hexuronate-protein ratios in medial AC of drug-treated meniscectomised animals were found to be comparable to sham controls, whereas these parameters in the nondrug-treated meniscectomized group were depressed.

Author & Journal:Hannan N, et al, J Orthop Res 1987; 5:47-49
Learn More

Effect of adipose-derived mesenchymal stem and regenerative cells on lameness in dogs with chronic osteoarthritis of the coxofemoral joints: a randomized, double-blinded, multicenter, controlled trial.

Summary:

Autologous stem cell therapy in the field of regenerative veterinary medicine involves harvesting tissue, such as fat, from the patient, isolating the stem and regenerative cells, and administering the cells back to the patient. Autologous adipose-derived stem cell therapy has been commercially available since 2003, and the current study evaluated such therapy in dogs with chronic osteoarthritis of the hip.

Conclusion:

Dogs treated with adipose-derived stem cell therapy had significantly improved scores for lameness and the compiled scores for lameness, pain, and range of motion compared with control dogs. This is the first randomized, blinded, placebo-controlled clinical trial reporting on the effectiveness of stem cell therapy in dogs.

Author & Journal:Black LL, et al, Vet Therapeutics 2007
Learn More

Freedom on Information Summary: Original New Drug Application: Galliprant, Grapiprant tablets for dogs. 2016

Author & Journal:GALLIPRANT
Learn More

Effects of adjunct electroacupuncture on severity of postoperative pain in dogs undergoing hemilaminectomy because of acute thoracolumbar intervertebral disk disease.

Summary:

To compare severity of postoperative pain in dogs undergoing hemilaminectomy because of acute thoracolumbarintervertebral disk disease treated with a combination of conventional analgesics and electroacupuncture (EAP) or with conventional analgesics alone.

Conclusion:

Results provided equivocal evidence that adjunct EAP might provide some mild benefit in regard to severity of postoperative pain in dogs undergoing hemilaminectomy because of acute thoracolumbar intervertebral diskdisease.

Author & Journal:Laim A, et al, . J Am Vet Med Assoc 234(9):1141-6, 2009
Learn More